利用碳交易推动农业减排的理论与路径分析：国际经验及其对中国的启示

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2023.085

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

如何有效利用碳交易推动农业深度减排亟待讨论。文中回顾了利用碳交易促进农业减排的理论，梳理了相关国际实践、经验和障碍，并识别了利用碳交易推动中国农业减排的路径。理论上，在交易成本低于节约的减排成本的情况下，利用碳交易促进农业深度减排具备经济可行性，但在实践中面临排放不确定性大、技术标准体系匮乏、减排效果不稳定以及监测、报告和核查成本过高等障碍。农业纳入自愿碳市场在创新组织方式、构建风险分担机制和开发核算标准等方面取得了较大进展，但目前全球尚未将农业纳入强制碳市场。为积累经验并降低交易成本，农业可先参与自愿碳市场后逐步向强制碳市场过渡。中国核证自愿减排量（CCER）的农业项目是农业和自愿碳市场结合的重要实践，可在政策、方法学、运行机制等条件成熟的情况下逐渐扩大农业自愿减排项目的数量和规模。由于农业对粮食安全和国民经济发展的重要作用，是否将农业纳入强制碳市场必须非常谨慎。

关键词: 农业减排, 碳交易, 强制碳市场, 自愿碳市场, 国际经验

Abstract:

The mechanism of utilizing carbon trading to promote deep agricultural emission reductions is a topic of urgent discussion. This article reviews the theoretical foundations of utilizing carbon trading to promote agricultural emission reductions, summarizes relative international practices, experience and obstacles, and provides insights into the pathway for utilizing carbon trading to promote agricultural emission reductions in China. Utilizing carbon trading to promote deep emission reductions in agriculture is theoretically and economically feasible when the transaction costs are lower than the cost savings. However, it faces various obstacles such as high emission uncertainty, lack of technical standards, unstable emission reduction effects, as well as high costs for monitoring, reporting, and verification in practice. The inclusion of agriculture in voluntary carbon markets has made significant progress in innovative organizational methods, constructing risk-sharing mechanisms, and developing accounting standards, while there is currently no successful practice of including agriculture in mandatory carbon markets. To accumulate experience and reduce transaction costs, agriculture should prioritize voluntary carbon markets and gradually transition towards mandatory carbon markets. Agricultural projects verified by Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) market are an important practice for agriculture to participate in voluntary carbon markets. Only when the policies, methodologies, and operational mechanisms are mature can we expand the quantity and scale of CCER agricultural projects. However, due to the crucial role of agriculture in food security and national economic development, the initiative of including agriculture in mandatory carbon markets must be discussed with utmost caution.

Key words: Agriculture emission reductions, Carbon trading, Mandatory carbon market, Voluntary carbon market, International experience

罗崇佳, 陈敏鹏. 利用碳交易推动农业减排的理论与路径分析：国际经验及其对中国的启示[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2023, 19(6): 761-770.

LUO Chong-Jia, CHEN Min-Peng. Theoretical and pathway analysis of utilizing carbon trading to promote agricultural emission reductions: international experience and its implications for China[J]. Climate Change Research, 2023, 19(6): 761-770.

图/表 7

图1 农业纳入碳交易的效益分析注：在De Cara等[6]的基础上绘制。

Fig. 1 Benefit analysis of involving agriculture in carbon trading

图2 农业由自愿碳市场向强制碳市场过渡的效益分析

Fig. 2 Benefit analysis of transitioning agriculture from voluntary to mandatory carbon markets

图3 农业由自愿碳市场向强制碳市场过渡的成本效益分析

Fig. 3 Cost-benefit analysis of transitioning agriculture from voluntary to mandatory carbon markets

表1 自愿碳市场和强制碳市场的差异和过渡方式

Table 1 Differences and transition pathways between voluntary and mandatory carbon market

表2 自愿碳交易项目信息

Table 2 Information on voluntary carbong trading projects

图4 中国核证自愿减排量（CCER）农业备案项目区域分布

Fig. 4 Regional distribution of CCER agricultural registered projects

表3 中国核证自愿减排量（CCER）农业备案项目分类

Table 3 Categorization of CCER agricultural registered projects

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