CO2輻射效應(yīng)與生理效應(yīng)對(duì)氣候系統(tǒng)影響異同的模擬研究

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2023.234

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于CESM地球系統(tǒng)模式，模擬研究不同CO₂濃度變化情景下，在快響應(yīng)階段和平衡階段，CO₂通過(guò)影響大氣輻射傳輸過(guò)程的輻射效應(yīng)和通過(guò)影響植被氣孔的生理效應(yīng)對(duì)氣候系統(tǒng)的影響和作用機(jī)制異同。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，在CO₂倍增的情況下，CO₂輻射效應(yīng)和生理效應(yīng)都會(huì)引起全球地表的增溫。輻射效應(yīng)在兩個(gè)階段的地表增溫中均起主導(dǎo)作用，而在快響應(yīng)階段，生理效應(yīng)在全球陸表增溫中貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到了(27.5±0.9)%。CO₂輻射效應(yīng)和生理效應(yīng)對(duì)全球水循環(huán)的影響有明顯差異。在平衡階段，CO₂輻射效應(yīng)使全球地表蒸散增加(5.2±0.1)%，徑流量增加(8.0±0.4)%; 而CO₂生理效應(yīng)使全球地表蒸散量下降(3.9±0.1)%，徑流量增加(10.1±0.4)%。在快響應(yīng)階段，生理效應(yīng)在蒸散量的變化中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)作用。在CO₂倍增試驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)上，又進(jìn)行了大氣CO₂濃度分別為400×10^-6、600×10^-6、800×10^-6、1000×10^-6的模擬試驗(yàn)。隨著CO₂濃度的增加，受輻射效應(yīng)影響，地表溫度、蒸散量和降水量出現(xiàn)持續(xù)增加，但增幅有所放緩；受CO₂生理效應(yīng)影響，地表蒸散量持續(xù)減少，下降幅度并未出現(xiàn)明顯變化。CO₂輻射效應(yīng)和生理效應(yīng)的協(xié)同作用具有非線性。對(duì)于地表溫度、降水和蒸散等變量，CO₂輻射效應(yīng)和生理效應(yīng)共同作用引起的變化與兩者單獨(dú)作用時(shí)引起的變化之和存在差異，且這種差異隨著CO₂濃度的增加越來(lái)越顯著。

關(guān)鍵詞: 氣候變化, CO₂輻射效應(yīng), 植被氣孔, CO₂生理效應(yīng)

Abstract:

The community Earth system model (CESM) was used to investigate the climate response to CO₂radiative forcing that is associated with CO₂-induced changes in atmospheric radiation, and physiological forcing that is associated with CO₂-induced changes in stomatal opening. The results show that both forcings cause global surface warming. During the fast adjustment processes, CO₂-physiological forcing contributes to (27.5±0.9)% of the total global land mean warming. The effects of the two forcings on the global water cycle are significantly different. As a result of CO₂ doubling, at equilibrium state, the CO₂ radiation forcing increases global surface evapotranspiration by (5.2±0.1)% and runoff by (8.0±0.4)%, CO₂ physiological forcing decreased global surface evapotranspiration by (3.9±0.1)% and increased global runoff by (10.1±0.4)%. With the increase of CO₂ concentration, under the influence of radiative forcing, surface temperature, evapotranspiration and precipitation continue to increase, but the increase rates slow down. Under the influence of physiological forcing, surface evapotranspiration continues to decrease, and the decreasing rate do not change significantly. The changes caused by the combined effect of two types of CO₂ forcings are different from the sum of changes caused by the two forcings alone, and this difference becomes more and more significant with the increase of CO₂ concentration.

Key words: Climate change, CO₂ radiative forcing, Vegetation stomata, CO₂ physiological forcing

吳星怡, 曹龍. CO₂輻射效應(yīng)與生理效應(yīng)對(duì)氣候系統(tǒng)影響異同的模擬研究[J]. 氣候變化研究進(jìn)展, 2024, 20(2): 170-181.

WU Xing-Yi, CAO Long. Climate response to carbon dioxide radiative forcing and physiological forcing[J]. Climate Change Research, 2024, 20(2): 170-181.

圖/表 9

表1 試驗(yàn)方案

Table 1 The experiment scheme of CO2 concentration doubling

圖1 CO2濃度倍增時(shí)氣溫變化值的全球分布情況

Fig. 1 Changes in surface air temperature in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2. (Hatched areas represent regions where changes are not statistically significant at the 0.05 level using the Student t-test. The same bellow)

圖2 CO2濃度倍增時(shí)平衡階段低云量和到達(dá)地面的太陽(yáng)輻射通量變化值的全球分布情況注：左下角數(shù)值分別表示陸地范圍內(nèi)低云量和到達(dá)地面的太陽(yáng)輻射通量的平均變化值，陰影部分表示變化值未通過(guò)0.05的顯著性水平檢驗(yàn)。

Fig. 2 Changes in low cloudiness and net solar flux in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2

圖3 快響應(yīng)和平衡階段及不同季節(jié)生理效應(yīng)對(duì)氣溫變化的貢獻(xiàn)率分布注：上圖左下角數(shù)值表示生理效應(yīng)對(duì)全球年平均近地表氣溫變化的貢獻(xiàn)率；下圖左下角數(shù)值則表示生理效應(yīng)對(duì)北半球近地表氣溫變化的貢獻(xiàn)率。右側(cè)曲線圖表示不同情況下溫度貢獻(xiàn)率陸地緯向平均值的分布情況。

Fig. 3 Contribution of CO2 physiological forcing to temperature change in different periods and different seasons

圖4 CO2濃度倍增時(shí)快響應(yīng)階段各水循環(huán)變量變化值的全球分布情況注：左下角數(shù)值表示陸地區(qū)域各變量相對(duì)于CO2濃度為280×10-6時(shí)的平均變化率，陰影部分表示變化值未通過(guò)0.05的顯著性水平檢驗(yàn)，下同。

Fig. 4 Fast adjustments in precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2

圖5 CO2濃度倍增時(shí)平衡階段各水循環(huán)變量變化值的全球分布情況

Fig. 5 Changes in precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 at equilibrium state

圖6 不同CO2濃度下各氣候變量的陸地平均值變化注：RAD和PHY表示在不同CO2濃度情景下，分別受輻射效應(yīng)和生理效應(yīng)的影響，各變量的全球陸地平均值。

Fig. 6 Variation of temperature, runoff, precipitation, and evapotranspiration under different CO2 concentrations

圖7 地表溫度、降水量和蒸散量的非線性變化量隨CO2濃度的變化注：非線性變化量表示為ALL與 PHY+RAD之差。其中ALL表示輻射效應(yīng)和生理效應(yīng)共同作用時(shí)，溫度、降水量和蒸散量相對(duì)于CO2濃度為280×10-6的陸地平均值變化量，而PHY和RAD則分別表示生理效應(yīng)和輻射效應(yīng)單獨(dú)作用時(shí)各變量相對(duì)于CO2濃度為280×10-6的陸地平均值變化量。

Fig. 7 The nonlinear variation of surface temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration with changes in CO2 concentration

圖8 CO2濃度為400×10-6和800×10-6時(shí)地表溫度、降水量和蒸散量相對(duì)于CO2濃度為280×10-6的非線性差異注：右側(cè)曲線圖表示不同情況下陸地范圍內(nèi)非線性變化值的緯向平均分布。

Fig. 8 Distribution of nonlinear changes in surface temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration at CO2 concentrations of 400×10-6 and 800×10-6 relative to CO2 concentration of 280×10-6

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CO₂輻射效應(yīng)與生理效應(yīng)對(duì)氣候系統(tǒng)影響異同的模擬研究

Climate response to carbon dioxide radiative forcing and physiological forcing

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